#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string s;
cin>>s;
int countL=0;
int countR=0;
int n=0;
for (int i=0;i<s.size();i++){
//cout<<s[i];
if (s[i]=='('){
countL++;
}
if (s[i]==')'){
countR++;
if (countL==0){
n++;
}
else {
countL--;
}
}
}
cout<<n+countL;
return 0;
}
I2luY2x1ZGUgPGlvc3RyZWFtPgp1c2luZyBuYW1lc3BhY2Ugc3RkOwoKaW50IG1haW4oKSB7CglzdHJpbmcgczsKCWNpbj4+czsKCWludCBjb3VudEw9MDsKCWludCBjb3VudFI9MDsKCWludCBuPTA7Cglmb3IgKGludCBpPTA7aTxzLnNpemUoKTtpKyspewoJCS8vY291dDw8c1tpXTsKCQlpZiAoc1tpXT09JygnKXsKCQkJY291bnRMKys7CgkJfQoJCWlmIChzW2ldPT0nKScpewoJCQljb3VudFIrKzsKCQkJaWYgKGNvdW50TD09MCl7CgkJCQluKys7CgkJCX0KCQkJZWxzZSB7CgkJCQljb3VudEwtLTsKCQkJfQoJCX0KCX0KCWNvdXQ8PG4rY291bnRMOwoJcmV0dXJuIDA7Cn0KCQoJCgkK